Interaction between an eddy and a zonal jet : Part II. Two-and-a-half-layer model     

Frdric O. Vandermeirsch  Xavier J. Carton  Yves G. Morel 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2003,36(4):271-296

In a two-and-a-half-layer quasi-geostrophic model, a process study is conducted on the interaction between a vortex and a zonal jet, both with constant potential vorticity. The vortex is a stable anticyclone, initially located north of the eastward jet. The potential vorticity of the jet is allowed to have various vertical structures, while the vortex is concentrated in only one layer. The flow parameters are set to values characteristic of the Azores region.First, the jet is stable. Weak vortices steadily drift north of the jet without crossing it while strong vortices can cross the jet and tear off a cyclone with which they pair as a heton (baroclinic dipole). This heton often breaks later in the shear exerted by the jet; the two vortices finally drift apart. When crossed by deep anticyclones, the jet develops meanders with 375 km wavelength. These results exhibit a noticeable similarity with the one-and-a-half-layer case studied in Part I.Secondly, the jet is allowed to be linearly unstable. In the absence of the vortex, it develops meanders with 175 km wavelength and 25-day e-folding time on the β-plane. For various vertical structures of the jet, baroclinic instability is shown to barely affect jet–vortex interaction if the linear growth rate of unstable waves is smaller than 1/(14 days). Further simulations with a linearly unstable, nonlinearly equilibrated jet evidence its strong temporal variability when crossed by a deep vortex on the β-plane. In particular, long waves can dominate the spectrum for a few months after jet crossing by the vortex. Again in this process, the deep vortex couples with a surface cyclone and both drift southwestward.  相似文献   

Rapid vertical sampling in stably stratified turbulent shear flows     

K. H. Keller  C. W. Van Atta 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2000,31(1-4)

A new method for obtaining instantaneous vertical profiles of two components of velocity and temperature in thermally stratified turbulent shear flows is presented. In this report, the design and construction of the traversing system will be discussed and results to date will be presented. The method is based on rapid vertical sampling whereby probe sensors are moved vertically at a high speed such that the measurement is approximately instantaneous. The system is designed to collect many measurements for the calculation of statistics such as vertical wave number spectra, mean square vertical gradients, and Thorpe scales. Results are presented for vertical profiles of temperature and compared to vertical profiles measured by single-point Eulerian time averages. The quality of the vertical profiles is found to be good over many profiles. Some comparisons are made between vertical measurements and standard single-point Eulerian measurements for three cases of stably stratified turbulent shear flow in which the initial microscale Reynolds number, Re_λ≈30. In case 1, the mean conditions are characterized by a gradient Richardson number, Ri_g=0.015, for which the flow is “unstable”, meaning the spatially evolving turbulent kinetic energy (E_k) grows. In case 2, Ri_g=0.095, for which the evolving turbulent kinetic energy is almost constant. In case 3, the flow is highly stable, where Ri_g=0.25 and E_k decays with spatial evolution. The measurements indicate anisotropy in the small scales for all cases. In particular, it is found that the ratio grows initially to a maximum and then decays with further evolution. Maximum Thorpe displacements are measured and compared to single-point measures of the vertical scales. It is found that vertical length scales derived from single-point measurements, such as the Ozmidov scale, L_O=(ε/N³)^1/2 and the overturn scale, L_t=θ′/(dT/dz), do not represent well the wide range of overturning scales which are actually present in the turbulence.  相似文献   

Influence of thermal stratification on the surfacing and clustering of floaters in free surface turbulence     

《Advances in water resources》2014

The dispersion of floaters, small organic particles lighter than water, on the free surface of an open turbulent channel flow subject to thermal stratification is studied by Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of turbulence and Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT). Constant heat flux is maintained at the free surface of the channel, the bottom wall is adiabatic and the turbulent flow is driven by a pressure gradient. This archetypal flow setup mimics an environmentally plausible situation which can be found in terrestrial water bodies. The free surface turbulence characteristic of such flows has a strong influence on the distribution of the floaters: the objective of this work is to study the effect of different regimes of stable stratification on the surface distribution of floaters. The distribution of the floaters can possibly influence the transfer of chemical species across the water/atmosphere interface. Our results show that the modification of turbulence due to the thermal stratification strongly influences the settling velocity of floaters in the bulk of the flow. At the surface, stratification effects are also observed on the clustering of the floaters: the filamentary patterns of floaters observed in unstratified turbulence are progressively lost as thermal stratification increases, and the distribution of the floaters remains roughly two-dimensional.  相似文献   

Comment on “An improved gray Lattice Boltzmann model for simulating fluid flow in multi-scale porous media”: Intrinsic links between LBE Brinkman schemes     

《Advances in water resources》2016

In this Comment on the recent work (Zhu and Ma, 2013) [11] by Zhu and Ma (ZM) we first show that all three local gray Lattice Boltzmann (GLB) schemes in the form (Zhu and Ma, 2013) [11]: GS (Chen and Zhu, 2008; Gao and Sharma, 1994) [1,4], WBS (Walsh et al., 2009) [12] and ZM, fail to get constant Darcy’s velocity in series of porous blocks. This inconsistency is because of their incorrect definition of the macroscopic velocity in the presence of the heterogeneous momentum exchange, while the original WBS model (Walsh et al., 2009) [12] does this properly. We improve the GS and ZM schemes for this and other related deficiencies. Second, we show that the “discontinuous velocity” they recover on the stratified interfaces with their WBS scheme is inherent, in different degrees, to all LBE Brinkman schemes, including ZM scheme. None of them guarantees the stress and the velocity continuity by their implicit interface conditions, even in the frame of the two-relaxation-times (TRT) collision operator where these two properties are assured in stratified Stokes flow, Ginzburg (2007) [5]. Third, the GLB schemes are presented in work (Zhu and Ma, 2013) [11] as the alternative ones to direct, Brinkman-force based (BF) schemes (Freed, 1998; Nie and Martys, 2007) [3,8]. Yet, we show that the BF-TRT scheme (Ginzburg, 2008) [6] gets the solutions of any of the improved GLB schemes for specific, viscosity-dependent choice of its one or two local relaxation rates. This provides the principal difference between the GLB and BF: while the BF may respect the linearity of the Stokes–Brinkman equation rigorously, the GLB-TRT cannot, unless it reduces to the BF via the inverse transform of the relaxation rates. Furthermore, we show that, in limited parameter space, “gray” schemes may run one another. From the practical point of view, permeability values obtained with the GLB are viscosity-dependent, unlike with the BF. Finally, the GLB shares with the BF a so-called anisotropy (Ginzburg, 2008; Nie and Martys, 2007) [6,8], that is, flow-direction-dependency in their effective viscosity corrections, related to the discretized spatial variation of the resistance forcing.  相似文献   

计算层状介质中电磁场的层矩阵法   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

付长民  底青云  王妙月 《地球物理学报》2010,53(1):177-188

现有人工源频率域电磁法的研究大多仅针对某种具体的方法,而较少将问题综合起来分析.本文综合多种方法的共同点提出了层矩阵法,它采取了源置于层间的模型进行公式的推导,理论上可以计算任意层状介质中任意位置的任意场源在空间中任意位置产生的场强,可适用于多种电磁法的正演模拟计算.层矩阵法的核心是对空间域的变量x, y, z中的x和y变量进行傅氏变换后转换到波数域k_x和k_y中,在波数域利用边界条件,用层矩阵建立起各层的关系后计算得到各层的波数域电磁场值,然后经过二维反傅氏变换最终得到空间域中任意位置的场值.因为文中定义的层矩阵是建立层关系的关键,所以称此方法为层矩阵法.本文以水平电偶源为例独立推导了层状介质中人工源频率域电磁场解的理论公式.为了验证方法的正确性,文中建立了多种模型,利用自行编排的程序将层矩阵法与现有文献的各种解析公式的解进行了对比,结果表明本文提出的层矩阵法是灵活的、可靠的.  相似文献   

Three-dimensional modelling of estuarine turbidity maxima in a tidal estuary   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Hans?BurchardEmail author  Karsten?Bolding  Manuel Ruiz?Villarreal 《Ocean Dynamics》2004,54(2):250-265

A new numerical model for simulating estuarine dynamics is introduced here. This model, called General Estuarine Transport Model (GETM), has been specifically designed for reproducing baroclinic, bathymetry-guided flows where the tidal range may exceed the mean water depth in large parts of the domain such that drying and flooding processes are relevant. Several physical and numerical features of the model support exact and stable results for such domains. For the physics, high-order turbulence closure schemes guarantee proper reproduction of vertical exchange processes. Among the specific numerical features, generalised vertical coordinates, orthogonal curvilinear horizontal coordinates, high-order TVD advection schemes and stable drying and flooding algorithms have been implemented into GETM. The model is applied here to simulate the dynamics of estuarine turbidity maxima (ETMs), a complex feature present in most tidal estuaries. First, idealised simulations for a two-dimensional domain in the xz space will be shown to reproduce the basic generation mechanisms for ETMs. Then, a realistic three-dimensional simulation of the Elbe estuary in Northern Germany will be carried out. It is demonstrated that for a given forcing situation the model reproduces a stable ETM at the correct location.Responsible Editor: Phil Dyke  相似文献   

THEORETICAL STUDY OFDRAG REDUCTION BY AERATION IN PIPE FLOWS     

ZHENG Yonggang 《国际泥沙研究》1999,(4)

1INTRODUCTIONDragreductioninopenchannelhasbeenstudiedbymanyresearchers.iou(]987)presentedthebasicprincipleandmechanismofdragreduction,but11edidnotdiscussthedragreductionbyaeration.Challson(1994)studiedthedragreductionbyaerationandsuspendedloadinopenchannel,hepointedoutthatairwaierflows,calledself-aeratedflows,exhibitsmallerfrictiolllossesthannoll-aeratedflowsandtiledragreductiollprocessislinkedwiththepresellceofanairconcentrationboundarylayernexttothechallnelbottom.Ytlanetal(1993)madetheme…  相似文献   

一个分层水库温跃层的模拟与验证   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孙昕  王雪  许岩  解岳  黄廷林 《湖泊科学》2015,27(2):319-326

以西安金盆水库为例,建立了分层水库水温结构的数值模拟方法,并以实测数据进行模型验证.运用Fluent软件数值研究了不同短波辐射强度及短波辐射衰减系数条件下温跃层的形成过程与特性.水库水面总传热量在春、夏季为正值,在秋、冬季为负值,长波辐射是水面总传热量的主要影响因素,短波辐射则是温跃层形成的主要影响因素.随短波辐射衰减系数的降低,温跃层厚度增加,温跃层内温度梯度减小,短波辐射衰减系数值与实测的藻类浓度存在良好的正相关性.水库具有极限短波辐射强度,温跃层内温差随水面短波辐射强度的增加呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势;但水面短波辐射强度过高时,难以达到热平衡而形成稳定的温跃层.  相似文献   

Spatial variability of E. coli in an urban salt-wedge estuary     

Dusan Jovanovic  Rhys Coleman  Ana Deletic  David McCarthy 《Marine pollution bulletin》2017,114(1):114-122

This study investigated the spatial variability of a common faecal indicator organism, Escherichia coli, in an urban salt-wedge estuary in Melbourne, Australia. Data were collected through comprehensive depth profiling in the water column at four sites and included measurements of temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and E. coli concentrations. Vertical variability of E. coli was closely related to the salt-wedge dynamics; in the presence of a salt-wedge, there was a significant decrease in E. coli concentrations with depth. Transverse variability was low and was most likely dwarfed by the analytical uncertainties of E. coli measurements. Longitudinal variability was also low, potentially reflecting minimal die-off, settling, and additional inputs entering along the estuary. These results were supported by a simple mixing model that predicted E. coli concentrations based on salinity measurements. Additionally, an assessment of a sentinel monitoring station suggested routine monitoring locations may produce conservative estimates of E. coli concentrations in stratified estuaries.  相似文献